SUGAR SWEETENED BEVERAGES SUPPRESS BODYS STRESS RESPONSE

Drinking sugar-sweetened beverages can suppress the hormone cortisol and stress responses in the brain, but diet beverages sweetened with aspartame do not have the same effect, according to a new study published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

"This is the first evidence that high sugar -- but not aspartame -- consumption may relieve stress in humans," said one of the study's authors, Kevin D. Laugero, PhD, of the University of California, Davis, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service. "The concern is psychological or emotional stress could trigger the habitual overconsumption of sugar and amplify sugar's detrimental health effects, including obesity."

About 35 percent of adults and nearly 17 percent of children nationwide are obese, according to the Society's Endocrine Facts & Figures report. Sugary drinks such as soda and juice have been linked to this problem. Half of the U.S. population consumes sugar-sweetened drinks on any given day, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The parallel-arm, double-masked diet intervention study examined the effects of consuming sugar- and aspartame-sweetened beverages on a group of 19 women between the ages of 18 and 40. The researchers assigned eight women to consume aspartame-sweetened beverages, and 11 to drink sugar-sweetened beverages. For a 12-day period, the women drank one of the assigned beverages at breakfast, lunch and dinner. The participants were instructed not to consumer other sugar-sweetened drinks, including fruit juice.

For 3.5 days prior to and after the study, the women consumed a standardized low-sugar diet and stayed at the UC Davis Clinical and Translational Science Center's Clinical Research Center.

Before and after the 12-day experimental period, the women underwent functional MRI screenings after performing math tests to gauge the brain's stress response. The participants also provided saliva samples to measure levels of cortisol -- a hormone made by the adrenal glands that is essential for the body's response to stress.

The researchers found women who drank sugar-sweetened beverages during the study had a diminished cortisol response to the math test, compared to women who were assigned to consume aspartame-sweetened beverages. In addition, the women who consumed sugar-sweetened beverages exhibited more activity in the hippocampus -- a part of the brain that is involved in memory and is sensitive to stress -- than the women who drank aspartame-sweetened beverages.

The hippocampus typically is less active when the body is under stress. When the study participants drank sugar-sweetened beverages, this response was inhibited. The findings offer new clues that help explain how sugar positively reinforces the temptation to eat comfort food when a person is stressed, Laugero said.

"The results suggest differences in dietary habits may explain why some people underreact to stressful situations and others overreact," he said. "Although it may be tempting to suppress feelings of stress, a normal reaction to stress is important to good health. Research has linked over- and under-reactivity in neural and endocrine stress systems to poor mental and physical health."

Repairing The Bodys Nerve Insulation System

Today's post from sciencedaily.com (see link below) may well prove to be a very important one in the ongoing search for effective nerve damage treatment. This is not research into how we can reduce the symptoms but looks at how we may be able to prevent neuropathy in the first place. Many neuropathies occur when the insulation around the nerve (the myelin sheath) is damaged, thus short-circuiting the nervous system with the consequences we all know about. This insulation is created by Schwann cells and if these cells are disrupted or damaged by genetic dysfunction, the myelin insulation can't be formed. This dysfunction, leading to too few, or too many Schwann cells is caused by the so-called HIPPO-TAZ/YAP and Gαs-protein feedback circuit and it is here that new studies are being focused to make sure that myelin continues to be produced. In this sort of article, you can quickly be sucked into the 'science terminology' and lose understanding but for the casual reader, it basically means they've discovered what's disrupting the formation of insulation around the nerves and are working on that area to restore balance. If your home electrical circuit is disrupted, it's often due to short circuiting caused by damaged insulation; so you repair the insulation around the wires. That's basically it and is what they're trying to do in the body's nervous system. Promoting myelination is the aim. That they're closer to finding a solution is good news for the future.

HIPPO's molecular balancing act helps nerves not short circuit. Study offers clue to possible therapy for peripheral nerve disorders 
Date:April 26, 2017 Source:Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

Scientists write in Nature Communications it may be possible to therapeutically fine tune a constantly shifting balance of molecular signals to ensure the body's peripheral nerves are properly insulated and functioning normally. In a study published April 26, they suggest this may be a way to treat neuropathies or prevent the development of peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

With wavy channels that almost resemble a school of rainbow-colored fish, this microscopic image shows molecular signs of insulation forming on the sciatic nerve of a 14-day old mouse. Schwann cells that form a protective coating around peripheral nerves -- the myelin sheath -- are color-coded with antibodies that identify the presence of proteins in the HIPPO-TAZ/YAP and G?s-protein molecular feedback circuit. The proteins are needed for Schwann cells to begin making the myelin sheath at the right time.

Credit: Cincinnati Children's

 

The study was led by researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. It sought to identify the genetic and molecular networks that control the balanced proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells in peripheral nerves -- a question that so far has remained unanswered. Schwann cells form a protective myelin sheath around nerves, which acts as insulation to ensure rapid transmission of neural signals to limbs and other parts of the body.

The researchers discovered that genetic dysfunction in what they call the HIPPO-TAZ/YAP and Gαs-protein feedback circuit disrupts the balanced production of Schwann cells.

If Schwann cell numbers are too sparse and widely-spaced, insufficient insulating myelin forms around nerves, leading to nerve insulation defects in the peripheral nerves of laboratory mice. An overabundance of Schwann cells in people with the genetic disorder neurofibromatosis 1 and 2 (who have mutations in the NF1 or NF2 tumor suppressor gene) has been linked to development of nerve sheath tumors.

"These findings will lead to future studies aimed at modulating or fine tuning the dynamic balance between YAP/TAZ and Gαs, and this may lead to new therapeutic strategies," said Q. Richard Lu, PhD, co-lead investigator and scientific director of the Brain Tumor Center at Cincinnati Children's. "These strategies would focus on promoting myelination in the peripheral nervous system for neuropathic disease or inhibiting Schwann cell over-proliferation that occurs during formation of peripheral nerve sheath tumors like neurofibromas."

Collaborating on the study was co-lead investigator Mei Xin, PhD, and co-first authors Yaqi Deng, PhD and Lai Man Natalie Wu, PhD (all in the Division of Experimental Biology and Cancer Biology at Cincinnati Children's).

The researchers stress that, because the study was conducted with mice, additional research is required before it can confirmed whether the data will apply directly to human health.

Affects 20 million people

An estimated 20 million people in the United States have some form of peripheral neuropathy, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

The condition develops as a result of damage to the peripheral nervous system, a large network that transmits information between the central nervous system to other parts of the body. Symptoms can range from numbness, tingling, pricking sensations or muscle weakness. Some neuropathic conditions can become quite severe leading to paralysis.

HIPPO Pathway

The HIPPO molecular pathway works as a tumor suppressor that helps control organ development and size in most organisms, from fruit flies to humans. It exerts this control by regulating cell proliferation and transformation into specific organ cell types. When the pathway becomes dysregulated -- as in during genetic mutation -- it helps drive the development of tumors.

To understand how the HIPPO pathway controls Schwann cell proliferation and myelination, the researchers used genome-wide screens. This allowed them to identify specific genes that are turned on or off by co-regulators of gene function called TAZ and YAP in the nucleus of developing mouse Schwann cells. The molecules -- YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (PDZ-binding motif) -- are critical regulators of downstream genes and proteins that are important for the expansion and specification of myelin-forming Schwann cells.

The researchers also performed a transcriptome analysis comparing peripheral nerves with or without TAZ/YAP. This tells researchers which genes or signaling pathways are controlled by TAZ/YAP.

Gene occupancy and transcriptome tests revealed that, in immature Schwann cells, TAZ suppresses the expression of the gene that encodes the Gαs protein. When a Schwann cell is reaching maturity, the Gαs protein opposes the activities of TAZ and YAP. This decelerates cell expansion and allows the cells to develop and form myelin around peripheral nerves.

Combined, the molecular processes involving the HIPPO/TAZ/YAP and Gαs feedback circuit indicate it acts as a fulcrum that balances Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation in peripheral nerves, according to the authors. The finding also opens up new therapeutic avenues that can modulate and fine tune the processes to treat associated medical conditions.

Story Source:

Materials provided by Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference: 
 
Yaqi Deng, Lai Man Natalie Wu, Shujun Bai, Chuntao Zhao, Haibo Wang, Jincheng Wang, Lingli Xu, Masahide Sakabe, Wenhao Zhou, Mei Xin, Q. Richard Lu. A reciprocal regulatory loop between TAZ/YAP and G-protein Gαs regulates Schwann cell proliferation and myelination. Nature Communications, 2017; 8: 15161 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15161

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170426092338.htm  

NEW TECHNIQUE TO RESTORE BODYS INSULIN PRODUCING ABILITY

There is good news for patients suffering from type-one diabetes as they may soon be able to do away with their daily insulin dose to manage their blood-sugar levels.

Researchers have found that a peptide called caerulein can convert existing cells in the pancreas into those cells destroyed in type-one diabetes-insulin-producing beta cells.

“We have found a promising technique for type-one diabetics to restore the body’s ability to produce insulin,” said Fred Levine, a professor at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute in the US.

“By introducing caerulein to the pancreas, we were able to generate new beta cells – the cells that produce insulin,” Levine added.

The study first examined how mice in which almost all beta cells were destroyed – similar to humans with type-one diabetes – responded to injections of caerulein.

In those mice, but not in normal mice, they found that caerulein caused existing alpha cells in the pancreas to differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells.

The research team then examined human pancreatic tissue from type-one diabetics, finding 

strong evidence that the same process induced by caerulein also occurred in the pancreases of those individuals.

Caerulein is a peptide originally discovered in the skin of Australian Blue Mountains tree frogs.

It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretions, and has been used in humans as a diagnostic tool in pancreatic diseases.

An estimated over 300 million people worldwide are living with type-one diabetes.

The study appeared in the journal Cell Death and Disease.