Week 15 Pregnancy

15 Weeks Pregnant Belly

Printables, coloring pages, recipes, crafts, and more from your child's favorite Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. shows..

15 Weeks Pregnant Belly

Pregnant Belly Side View

Printables, coloring pages, recipes, crafts, and more from your child's favorite Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. shows..

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SALT AFFECTS ORGANS EVEN IN ABSENCE OF HYPERTENSION

You may think you're one of the lucky ones who can eat all the salty snacks and convenience foods you want and still register low numbers on the blood pressure cuff. But, new research suggests you may not be so lucky after all

A review paper co-authored by two faculty members in the University of Delaware College of Health Sciences and two physicians at Christiana Care Health System provides evidence that even in the absence of an increase in blood pressure, excess dietary sodium can adversely affect target organs, including the blood vessels, heart, kidneys and brain.

Authors of the paper, "Dietary Sodium and Health: More Than Just Blood Pressure," include William Farquhar and David Edwards in UD's Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology; William Weintraub, chief of cardiology at Christiana Care; and Claudine Jurkovitz, a nephrologist epidemiologist and senior scientist in the Value Institute Center for Outcomes Research at Christiana Care.

The paper was published in the March 17 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

"Blood pressure responses to alterations in dietary sodium vary widely, which has led to the concept of 'salt-sensitive' blood pressure," says Farquhar. "There are no standardized guidelines for classifying individuals as having salt-sensitive blood pressure, but if blood pressure increases during a period of high dietary sodium or decreases during a low-sodium period, the person is considered salt sensitive. If there's no change in blood pressure with sodium restriction, an individual is considered salt resistant."

However, the research cited in the paper points to evidence of adverse effects on multiple target organs and tissues, even for people who are salt resistant.

Bad news for the body

Potential effects on the arteries include reduced function of the endothelium, which is the inner lining of blood vessels. Endothelial cells mediate a number of processes, including coagulation, platelet adhesion and immune function. Elevated dietary sodium can also increase arterial stiffness.

Farquhar and Edwards have done previous work in this area, with one study showing that excess salt intake in humans impairs endothelium-dependent dilation and another demonstrating that dietary sodium loading impairs microvascular function. In both cases, the effects are independent of changes in blood pressure.

They review their work and the growing body of evidence to support a deleterious effect of dietary salt on vascular function independent of blood pressure in a recent invited paper in Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension.

"High dietary sodium can also lead to left ventricular hypertrophy, or enlargement of the muscle tissue that makes up the wall of the heart's main pumping chamber," Edwards says. "As the walls of the chamber grow thicker, they become less compliant and eventually are unable to pump as forcefully as a healthy heart."

Regarding the kidneys, evidence suggests that high sodium is associated with reduced renal function, a decline observed with only a minimal increase in blood pressure.

Finally, sodium may also affect the sympathetic nervous system, which activates what is often termed the fight-or-flight response.

"Chronically elevated dietary sodium may 'sensitize' sympathetic neurons in the brain, causing a greater response to a variety of stimuli, including skeletal muscle contraction," Farquhar says. "Again, even if blood pressure isn't increased, chronically increased sympathetic outflow may have harmful effects on target organs."

Difficult detective work

Jurkovitz points out that studying the effects of salt restriction on clinical outcomes is not easy. Challenges include accurate assessment of intake, long-term maintenance on a defined salt regimen, and the need for large numbers of patients and extended follow-up to obtain enough outcomes for meaningful analysis.

However, she says, "A large body of evidence confirms the biological plausibility of the association between high sodium intake and increases in blood pressure and cardiovascular events."

This evidence has resulted in the American Heart Association's recommendation that we consume less than 1,500 mg of sodium a day.

Shaking the salt habit

Taking the salt shaker off the table is a good way to start, but it's probably not enough, says Weintraub, whose work focuses on cardiology outcomes.

"Approximately 70 percent of the sodium in our diets comes from processed foods, including items that we don't typically think of as salty such as breads and cereals," he says. "Also, restaurant food typically contains more salt than dishes prepared at home, so eating out less can help reduce salt intake, especially if herbs and spices -- instead of salt -- are used to add flavor to home-cooked meals."

But the authors acknowledge that shaking the salt habit won't be easy, and it won't happen overnight.

"Reducing sodium will take a coordinated effort involving organizations like the AHA, food producers and processors, restaurants, and public policy aimed at education," Weintraub says.

REMINDING PEOPLE OF THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEF SYSTEM REDUCES HOSTILITY

Few topics can prove more divisive than religion, with some insisting it promotes compassion, selflessness and generosity, and others arguing that it leads to intolerance, isolation and even violence.

New research conducted at York University, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, may shed some light on religion's actual influence on believers -- and the news is positive.

"Based on our premise that most people's religious beliefs are non-hostile and magnanimous, we hypothesized that being reminded of religious beliefs would normally promote less hostile reactions to the kinds of threats in everyday life that usually heighten hostility," says researcher Karina Schumann, the article's lead author, now a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University.

To test this hypothesis, participants either received a simple reminder of their religious belief system ("which religious beliefs system do you identify with?") or not. They were then exposed to either threatening experiences (such as thinking about their own death or failing at an academic assignment) or not. They were then given a chance to judge and assign punishments for transgressors, criminals and worldview critics.

Across nine different experiments with 910 participants, the results consistently supported the hypothesis for Christians, Jews, Muslims and Hindus alike. The religiously reminded were significantly less hostile and punitive in the threatening circumstances than the non-reminded participants were (there were no effects of the religious reminders among the non-threatened participants).

"Our research suggests that people generally associate their religious beliefs with Golden Rule ideals of forgiveness and forbearance, and that they turn to them when the chips are down, in threatening circumstances," says York U psychology professor Ian McGregor, the article's second author. "This research contributes to the current dialogue on religion by demonstrating that even brief religious belief reminders not accompanied by any explicit beliefs or injunctions tend to promote more magnanimous, less hostile choices in threatening circumstances."

Though the researchers say the link between religion and magnanimity may seem surprising given that news headlines so often focus on terrorist attacks and other atrocities committed in the name of religion, their results suggest that for most people, the influence of religion may be more positive than what is often portrayed in the media.

"Part of the reason for our magnanimity finding could be that in our research we focused on religious ideals, whereas extremist groups may often be more focused on intergroup rivalries and coalitions than the core religious ideals of love and forgiveness," says Schumann. "Future research is needed to determine whether reminders of religious belief can also foster magnanimity in non-Western countries, among less educated individuals, and in the context of high-stakes conflicts in which transgressions are committed by others with competing religious convictions."

SUN STROKE OR HEAT STROKE AND HOMEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT

                                                     SUN STROKE OR HEAT STROKE

Other names:- sun stroke, heat stroke and  heat hyperpyrexia.

DEFINITION:-

                Heat stroke or sun stroke is a state of hyperpyrexia, convulsions, delirium or coma following exposure to excessive atmospheric temperature (shade temperature above 110 F). the body temperature suddenly shoots to 42 – 43 C (107 – 110 F).

AETIOLOGY OR CAUSES:-

-          Heat stroke or sun stroke is caused by a derangement of the heat controlling mechanism.

-          It’s a commonest condition in India and other tropical countries.

-          In this country, it occurs during hot summer months (especially during spells of hot wave) due to direct exposure to the sun while working outdoors.

-          White peoples or persons unaccustomed to such a situation are specially prone to have such an attack.

-          Debilitating conditions, alcoholism, febril conditions and factors that interfere with sweating (e.g improper clothing) are pre disposing factors.

-          Some cases of heat exhaustion may develop heat stroke (secondary heat hyperpyrexia).

-          The brain is primarily affected. There is congestion and increased in intracranial tension. Degenerative changes occurs in brain cells, particularly in the hypothalamic region and base of the brain (including the cerebellum).

-          Due to renal shutdown, glomerular and tubular degeneration occurs in the kidneys. Necrosis also occurs in the liver. There is haemmorrhagic tendency due to intravascular coagulation.

      SYMPTOMS:-

-          The onset is sudden.

-          There is a history of exposure to the sun for some time.

-          Headache.

-          Vomiting.

-          Dizziness.

-          Mental confusion and in-coordination.

-          Convulsions may occur in children.

-          The patient soon becomes delirious and finally, unconscious.

-          On examination, the face is flushed and the skin is hot and dry.

-          The temperature is raised to 42C (107F) or above. There is complete absence of sweating.

-          The pulse is rapid and the respiration is hurried. The pupils are dilated.

-          Towards the terminal stage, convulsions occur, breathing is irregular and pupils are constricted.

-          There is either Oliguria or complete anuria, transient cardiac arrhythmias may occur.

-          Right sided cardiac failure or peripheral circulatory failure may occur.

DIAGNOSIS:-

The diagnosis can be made on the basis of the following.

-          History of long exposure to heat.

-          Hyperpyrexia (temperature shooting above 106F).

-          Absence of sweating.

-          Exclusion from other causes of hyperpyrexia such as malaria, pontine haemorrhage, meningitis, over whelming sepsis and terminal stage of liver failure.

TREATMENT:-

-          The aim of therapy is to bring down the elevated or raised temperature to a safe level or normal level as rapidly as possible.

-          This may be achieved by continuous sponging with ice-cold water or ice bath together with ice water enema. Evaporation should be encouraged by means of fans.

-          The patient usually regains consciousness and the body temperature falls unless brain is irreparably damaged.

-          If coma persists lumbar puncture is indicated to relive the raised intracranial pressure.

-          Chlorpromazine is indicated and repeated after ½ hour if the patient is delirious and restless.

-          Lytic cocktail (chlorpromazine phenargan and pethidine 50 mg each) may be given for reducing raised temperature.

-          When heat stroke is secondary to heat exhaustion, adequate water and salt replacement is essential. Danger of pulmonary oedema due to administration of intravenous fluids must be remembered.

HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT:-

                Some of the medicines for sun stroke or heat stroke are given below.

1.       ACONITE.

2.       AMYLAMINUM.

3.       ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM.

4.       ARNICA MONTONA.

5.       ARSENICUM ALBUM.

6.       BELLADONNA.

7.       CACTUS.

8.       CAMPHORA.

9.       CARBO VEG.

10.   GELSEMIUM.

11.   GLONINE.

12.   NATRUM CARB.

13.   NATRUM MUR.

14.   OPIUM.

15.   THERIDION.

16.   VERATRUM ALBUM.

17.   VERATRUM VIRIDAE.

18.   ARGENTUM METALICUM.

19.   LACHESIS.

20.   THUJA.

Autonomic Neuropathy Can Affect Your Whole Body

Today's post from neuropathydr.com (see link below) looks at the dangers of peripheral neuropathy progressing to autonomic neuropathy, although you will need to use the search facility here on the right of the blog to find more detailed articles about autonomic neuropathy (there are plenty). Basically, autonomic neuropathy is when your nerve damage begins to affect functions that you take for granted and have no control over (breathing, digestion, sexual function, blood pressure, sweating, to name but a few). It can seriously affect your quality of life and it's important to be aware of the possibility. Some neuropathy causes are more likely to lead to autonomic problems than others (for instance, diabetes, cancer and HIV) but that's not a hard and fast rule. it's important to look out for the signs and alert your doctor or specialist as soon as possible.
 

Neuropathy Pain Is Serious Business! The Hidden Dangers of Autonomic Neuropathy
Posted by Editor on January 1, 2015
 
Neuropathy Pain Can Lead to Serious and Life-Threatening Nerve Damage. Here’s What You Need to Know for Your Long-Term Health.

You already know that neuropathy pain can significantly impair your quality of life on a daily basis, and in a long-term way. But did you realize that ignoring neuropathy pain can actually contribute to the development of life-threatening illness?

When there is nerve damage to your autonomic systems (the parts of your body that function automatically, like digestion and blood pressure), these systems are likely to stop behaving like they should. This is called autonomic neuropathy, and it can actually threaten your life. Any impairment of autonomic systems is an immediate danger to your health.

When are you at risk for autonomic neuropathy? You should consult a qualified neuropathy physician if you have any of these conditions that are frequently associated with neuropathic pain and damage from autonomic neuropathy:

Diabetes
Cancer that is being treated with chemotherapy
AIDS or HIV
Lupus

It is also extremely important for you to seek the support of a NeuropathyDR® clinician if you are experiencing any of these nerve damage symptoms:

Unusual sweating
Dizziness
Tingling or numbness in extremities
Change in the way you feel sense hot and cold temperatures
Sexual problems
Loss of ability to control your limbs or fingers and toes

You might also be in a high-risk category for developing autonomic neuropathy related to neuropathic pain if you have had a severe injury or amputation. In these cases, be sure to see a NeuropathyDR® clinician for a consultation now, instead of waiting for symptoms to develop.

There are times when a trained physician can detect nerve damage before any symptoms arise, and early intervention in treatment is key—not just to quality of life over time in terms of neuropathy pain, but also avoiding life-threatening scenarios related to autonomic neuropathy.

http://neuropathydr.com/autonomic-neuropathy-pain/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=autonomic-neuropathy-pain

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