Lessons Learned From Legal Marijuana In Colorado

Today's very interesting post from webmd.com (see link below) looks at the impact of legalised marijuana in Colerado, a year after it's legalisation. As many people living with neuropathy will know, marijuana is one of the few proven treatments for neuropathic pain but very few people will have tried it themselves, either due to fears of the 'smoking' aspect, or the lack of availability in their region, or even fears of being 'high' all the time. It's always worthwhile looking at the facts; discussing it with your doctor and doing as much of your own research as possible (many more posts on this blog for instance). One of the most interesting points of research is examining what has happened in areas where marijuana has been legalised and is in controlled use. This article is well worth a read.

Year 1 of Legal Marijuana: Lessons Learned in CO
By R. Scott Rappold
WebMD Health News
Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD
Nov. 6, 2014 --

When the first legal sales of recreational marijuana in modern history began Jan. 1 in Colorado, it was a bold experiment fraught with unknowns.

Would kids get easy access to the drug? Would stoned drivers make the highways more dangerous? Would drug addiction problems increase?

While there isn’t enough data yet to answer some of those questions, one thing is clear: There is a rising tide of public support for marijuana legalization in America. Voters in Washington State approved it in 2012, and earlier this week, voters in Alaska, Oregon, and Washington, D.C., approved legalizing recreational marijuana.

Some of the lessons being learned in the Rocky Mountains could be instrumental in other states, as public health officials figure out how to regulate a drug that has been illegal for 8 decades.

Commercialization of Marijuana

Even before the first recreational stores opened in 2014, marijuana storefronts were a presence in most Colorado communities.

Since 2009, a loosening of regulations led to a growing medical marijuana industry, in which residents who received a doctor’s recommendation and applied for a state license could walk in and buy marijuana. There are today nearly 500 such dispensaries in Colorado.

Since Jan. 1, another 212 recreational stores have opened. In these stores, state residents 21 and over can buy up to an ounce of pot at a time. Out-of-state residents can buy a quarter-ounce. While some cities, including Colorado Springs, have banned the stores, in the Denver and Boulder areas and most resort towns, marijuana is visible and available.

Not everyone is happy about that. The mainstreaming of marijuana led Gina Carbone to co-found Smart Colorado, which calls for stricter regulations on the marijuana industry.

“What we’ve seen in the roll-out of this is the mass commercialization and the mass marketing of marijuana,” Carbone says.

“The more stores you have around, the more visibility, the more normalized it becomes, the greater the youth use is, because the perception of harm at the same time is plummeting,” she says.

Carbone would've preferred for Colorado to have followed the Washington model, where the number of marijuana stores are limited. Seattle, for example, will have just 21 stores. 

Marijuana Edibles

When an adult comes to the University of Colorado Hospital complaining about ingesting too much marijuana, the symptoms are usually anxiety, nausea, or vomiting, but it’s not life-threatening unless associated with another substance or an injury.

But when a child comes in, emergency department head Richard Zane, MD, has observed instances of a breathing problem called respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening.

Since legalization, he has seen a sharp increase in such cases, and he points the finger at edibles infused with THC, the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.

“I think the way in which marijuana became legal in Colorado was pretty careless, specifically around the total lack of regulation or control around edible products, which have been causing the most impact on health,” Zane says.

Edible items available in marijuana stores run the gamut from sodas to chocolates and many other kinds of candies. Adults who take too much are often novice users who perhaps didn’t read or understand the label indicating the amount of THC, or ate some and didn’t wait long enough for it to take effect before having more.

But children usually have no idea what they're eating, whether they got the item from a friend or from their parents’ stash.

“To an 8-year-old, a gummy bear looks like a gummy bear,” Zane says. “It’s unconscionable to make a THC product that looks like a child’s sweet.”

The concern led the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) to recently propose a ban on almost all edibles.

“We had some pretty strong recommendations,” says CDPHE head Larry Wolk, MD. “If the industry isn’t going to do a better job on how they package and make this stuff not appealing to kids, our position has to be the only edible we can endorse are drops, where you can make your own, and single-serving tinctures.” The proposed edible ban, though only an idea, caused an outcry in an industry where 45% of marijuana sales are from edibles.

“A total ban defies logic,” says Mason Tvert, who spearheaded the legalization effort in Colorado and now is spokesman for the Marijuana Policy Project. “Voters ended marijuana prohibition because they wanted to take marijuana out of the underground market. To go back to prohibiting a very popular product would simply result in it being produced and sold illegally.”

A state task force looking at the issue has yet to make a decision. Other ideas include requiring child-proof containers for edible products, stronger labeling and dosing recommendations, a symbol on edibles, and limiting their THC content.In Washington, edibles are regulated much more toughly. Candies and lollipops are banned. And while cookies and brownies are allowed, they must be divided into doses and can't be marketed in a way that makes them similar to a non-marijuana product. 

Marijuana and Teens

Teens using pot is nothing new, but one of the main concerns of legalization was that it would lead to a spike in use. But the state’s Healthy Kids Colorado Survey, done every 2 years and released in September, showed 36.9% of high-schoolers had ever used marijuana, below the national average of 40.7%. The number who'd admitted using it in the preceding month dropped by 2% from 2011.

Still, law enforcement groups say marijuana problems are on the rise in schools. In one survey, 89 out of 100 school resource officers said marijuana-related incidents have increased in their schools.

Recreational stores are not allowed to sell to minors, and in a recent compliance check in Denver, not a single store sold to minors.

“I think we’ve kept it away from causing significant harm to kids, whether that’s as a result of packaging or limitations that are put in place by the stores, or safety concerns, or heightened parental awareness,” Wolk says.

The state spent as much as $2 million on an anti-marijuana education campaign aimed at minors in 2014, he says, and it will spend twice that much in 2015, funds derived from taxes on marijuana. 

Impaired Drivers

Driving while high is illegal in Colorado, but whether legalization has led to a rise in stoned driving is not yet clear.

The Colorado State Patrol, through September of this year, cited 497 people for driving while under the influence of marijuana -- though about half of those cases also involved alcohol or another drug -- out of 4,177 impaired driving citations.

But the agency only began keeping statistics separating marijuana from other drugged-driving cases this year. So, with no comparison data, both marijuana supporters and law enforcement agree more data is needed to learn legalization’s impact. 

Addiction

It will also take several years of data so show whether legalization has led to a spike in marijuana addiction and rehab visits in Colorado. Legalization critic Ben Cort, director of professional relations for a Denver treatment center, believes it will.

“They’ve got to expand demographics, and they’re not shy about this,” he says of the marijuana industry. “You’ve got a need to get new people using the substance, and you’ve got to get current users to consume more.”

Opponents to legalization in Oregon pointed to data that shows adult marijuana use has gone up in Colorado since medical marijuana became widespread, and warned that would happen in Oregon.

But, says marijuana activist Tvert, “there’s nothing wrong with an adult consuming marijuana responsibly, just like there’s really nothing wrong with an adult having a glass of wine with dinner or a beer while watching a sports game.

“For decades, law enforcement officials have been trying to scare the public into keeping marijuana illegal. This is just more of the same, but the public is seeing through that.” 

Looking Ahead

So can Colorado’s experiment be called a success? While Tvert says it will take years to answer some questions about the results of legalization, he does believe so.

“We’ve got hundreds of businesses that are tightly regulated, collecting taxes and providing a substance that’s less harmful than alcohol to adults who would otherwise get it in the underground market,” he says.

Marijuana is expected to bring in more than $100 million in tax revenue this fiscal year and has created thousands of jobs in Colorado.

“We’re on the right side of history, and if there are concerns about us being the first state or one of the first states, that is something that will inherently change in the next few years,” Tvert says.

Cort says that while he respects the will of the voters, he doesn’t think they knew what legalization would look like in reality. He says other states where legalization has passed could benefit from waiting to see what happens in Colorado.

“Lots of other states moving forward before Colorado has had an opportunity to showcase what’s really happened-- that is rash,” he says. “If everybody is calling Colorado an experiment, if we’re the canary in the coal mine, then give us a minute to see if we’re singing or we’re dead.”

Wolk, the state’s public health director, expects to have a clearer picture of legalization by spring 2015, when the Retail Marijuana Public Health Advisory Committee will release its findings on the first year of legalization.

The report will look at hospital visits, impaired driving incidents, teen use, rehab visits, and many other metrics. In the meantime, he believes the state is doing all it can, given the mandate to allow and regulate legal sales issued by voters in 2012.

“It’s been challenging, but I think it’s been an interesting challenge for us,” Wolk says. “I believe we’re asking the right questions. I believe we’re getting the right messages out and we’re studying what we should be studying, and hopefully by next year we’ll have some data and some answers.”

But, he says, “I'm not sure we’ll ever be able to say this has been an absolute success or a terrible failure.”

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© 2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

http://www.webmd.com/brain/news/20141106/legal-marijuana-year-one

Legal Arguments About Opioids

If you're taking opioids for your neuropathic pain, you may be interested in today's post from the trustworthy pain-topics.org (see link below). There is currently, in the USA, a great deal of controversy regarding prescribing and issuing opioids as pain killers. This is mainly due to the potential for their abuse. For further information on this issue, you can visit this article from The Body . The problem is that many patients with severe neuropathic pain may find their chemists and doctors being unable to issue them any more thanks to new legal requirements. This means that people who depend on their pain relieving qualities and are perfectly justified in taking them, may suffer because of a large underground abuse and addiction problem. More interesting articles on the same subject can be found on pain-topics.org, or by using the search facility to the right of this page.

Opioids on Trial – Part 2
Posted by SB. Leavitt, MA, PhD at 2/09/2013

This past week the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a hearing titled “Impact of Approved Drug Labeling on Chronic Opioid Therapy.” Ostensibly, the purpose was to obtain testimony on issues pertaining to the safe use of opioid drugs in treating chronic pain, but unofficially the meeting was a response to a petition last summer from PROP, or Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing, requesting changes to the labeling of opioid analgesics. As much as anything, it seems that these pain relievers are on trial and the outcome judgments could severely impact the fates of all persons with pain in the United States and other parts of the world.

FDA Information Gathering

The public hearing on February 7-8, 2013, hosted by the FDA in Bethesda, Maryland, had the stated purpose of obtaining “information, particularly scientific evidence, such as study data or peer-reviewed analyses, on issues pertaining to the use of opioid drugs in the treatment of chronic pain. These issues include: diagnosis and understanding of patient pain, understanding and adhering to the labels of pain-treating products, limiting opioid prescriptions and use, and abuse and misuse of opioid medicines.”

It is widely assumed that the hearing was motivated by a citizen petition to the FDA last summer by PROP and the advocacy group, Public Citizen. What is generally referred to as the “PROP petition” has sparked heated debates among healthcare professionals and considerable fear among patients with pain.

The petition requests 3 changes by the FDA to opioid-product labeling: (1) strike the term “moderate” from the indication of opioid analgesics for noncancer pain (leaving “severe pain” as the only indication); (2) add a maximum daily opioid dose, equivalent to 100 milligrams of morphine for noncancer pain; and (3) add a maximum duration of 90 days for continuous (daily) opioid use for noncancer pain.

In response to the PROP petition, which had been posted at the U.S. Government Regulations website, there were 1,740 comments submitted as of February 5, 2013 (of which 688 were posted for public viewing). In fact, further comments may still be submitted by any interested persons to the docket (#FDA-2012-P-0818) until April 8, 2013 [access here].

The recent 2-day hearing was conducted by a 5-member panel of FDA officials under the leadership of Douglas Throckmorton, MD, deputy director of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). The agenda listed 55 speakers who had registered in advance — anyone could request a time slot — and each was afforded 7 minutes for a presentation.

The FDA had stated that the hearing would be informal and the rules of evidence did not apply. Curiously, a number of speakers submitted audiovisual presentations of their testimony and were not physically present at the meeting, which was not stated as being permissible in the official notice of the hearing.

One presenter, a concerned parent, gave his own presentation and then also filled-in for several other parents who had time slots but did not appear at the meeting. During an open comment period at the end, two additional persons came forward. So, the FDA exhibited considerable flexibility in conducting the hearing and, surprisingly, few presentations required the full 7 minutes and the meetings ended early on both days. The agenda and webcast archives of the hearing presentations are available for viewing [here].

Opioids on Trial: Who has the Onus Probandi?

During the 2 days of testimony, there were fervent claims and pleas by patients, family members, advocates, healthcare providers, and researchers on both sides — for and against the PROP petition. It was obvious that this is a highly polarizing issue, with vastly different perspectives on the problems and disparate interpretations of the available scientific evidence.

Excellent first-hand observations and commentary regarding specific presentations on days 1 and 2 are available from Jeffrey Fudin, PharmD [here] and [here], and Kristina Fiore of MedPageToday [here] and [here].

All of the speakers expressed concerns about the problems of prescription opioid misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and deaths. Whether or not the changes requested in the PROP petition would resolve those problems, while assuring that persons with pain would still have access to much needed medication, was hotly contested.

Foremost among the more science-oriented presentations were disagreements over current best evidence for arriving at judgments regarding the necessity and validity of the recommended labeling changes. Along these lines, parallels of law and medicine, particularly when it comes to assessing evidence as proof in arriving at sound judgments affecting patient care, were discussed in a prior UPDATE [here].

In law, the burden of proof (onus probandi in Latin) refers to the obligation of a plaintiff or petitioner initiating an action or complaint to present evidence establishing their allegations or pleading at trial or a formal proceeding. This is adjudicated by a “trier of fact,” which may be a judge, jury, board of inquiry, or a select panel.

As for the PROP petition, the FDA is the trier of fact and the burden of proof rests foremost with the petitioners. There is no “defendant” in such cases, although, as noted above, it does seem here that opioids as a class of drugs have been put on trial. Also, there often is no “respondent” in petition cases, but a broad cross-section of advocates, healthcare providers, and concerned organizations came forward at the hearing (as well as in many submission to the docket) to contest the PROP petition.

A critical question is: Does the PROP petition satisfy the necessary onus probandi; that is, presenting sufficient evidence of adequate quality to serve as an acceptable level of proof favoring their requested opioid labeling changes?

The PROP petition initiative — led by Andrew Kolodny, MD, who is president of the organization — has been discussed and dissected in a previous UPDATE article [here] and Kolodny responded in a separate UPDATE [here]. The petition letter includes 9 points of evidence, which were critiqued in a Pain-Topics UPDATE by Bob Twillman, PhD [here].

Furthermore, the petition letter references 20 documents as evidence in support of the cosigners’ claims, and those citations are listed in Appendix A (see below). Most of that same evidence was referred to at the FDA hearing by various proponents of the petition in their presentations.

Much of the evidence has been critiqued in past UPDATES articles (as indicated after the respective citations below with links) and, for the most part, the evidence is of low-quality and questionable reliability or validity. Several of the evidence documents are secondary sources featuring the commentary or opinions of the respective authors or agencies, which probably would be considered in formal proceedings as being only hearsay evidence.

One recently-reported research study, introduced as evidence at the FDA hearing but not included in the petition itself, was a data-mining investigation from Canada that found an association of opioid analgesic dose and the risk of injurious automobile crashes among drivers taking those medications. However, as described in an UPDATE [here], there were significant limitations and biases in this study, and it provided only weak evidence that was largely unsupportive of the claimed increased risks of opioid therapy.

More could be said about some of the evidence cited in the petition that has not been previously critiqued in Pain-Topics UPDATES. As it is, PROP members no doubt would disagree with our unfavorable assessments of their evidence; however, the onus probandi is on them to demonstrate why and how their evidence is reliable and valid. Merely reiterating results and quoting data from government reports or articles in peer reviewed journals — with an assumption that those documents represent a suitable quality of evidence and should be uncritically accepted by the FDA and others as such — is presumptuous.

At best, the petition and its associated evidence raises “reasonable suspicion” that changes in opioid prescribing practices for chronic pain may be warranted, and some of the evidence suggests “probable cause” for further investigation. However, strictly from an evidence-based medicine perspective, the petition overall does not make a “clear and convincing” case to satisfy the burden of proof for accepting the requested labeling changes.

More Evidence to Consider

An important argument put forth by the PROP group — in their petition letter and in commentary at the FDA hearing — is that there is a lack of evidence supporting a favorable benefit-to-risk ratio for long-term opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. Similarly, one presenter at the hearing suggested that there is a lack of evidence that patients would suffer if there were less prescribing of opioids for chronic pain.

We have argued in various UPDATES that “an absence of evidence is not itself evidence” and that, if anything, further research is needed before passing judgment. However, we were wrong. There actually is much further research evidence available for consideration; but, of course, this was not included in the PROP petition or during the FDA hearing.

The 25 documents listed in Appendix B (below) present studies that examine opioid therapy of longer duration than the 90-day limit in the PROP petition. Many of the studies are prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials of potentially reasonable quality. Various types of moderate-to-severe chronic noncancer pain are examined, using different opioid agents, and at widely-ranging doses.

Notices of these research studies have been variously submitted to the FDA docket and they merit closer examination and assessment from quality-of-evidence perspectives. Each has its limitations; however, at a minimum the studies generally suggest there is “some credible evidence” (as a level of proof) that at least subsets of patients with moderate or severe chronic noncancer pain may benefit from opioid analgesia during many months of treatment. And, these patients may experience prolonged significant pain relief with tolerable side effects, improvements in important quality of life measures, and modest needs for dose escalations, if any, over time.

The studies listed in Appendix B are probably not inclusive of all that may be available, and there is a need for more thorough systematic reviews and data meta-analyses of all the evidence. Several observations are worth noting…
In many of the studies, there often are sizable numbers of patients discontinuing opioid therapy. However, this seems to be a proverbial question of “is the glass half empty or half full?” During the FDA hearing, one presenter pointed to discontinuation rates as evidence of opioid inefficacy and adverse effects. Meanwhile, another speaker, looking at the same type of data, was impressed by the significant proportions of patients who do continue long-term on opioid therapy and find it of benefit for chronic noncancer pain. Same data — very different perspectives and interpretations.

While there have been anecdotal claims and small cases series of select patients with chronic pain who actually improve after discontinuation of long-term opioid therapy, there do not appear to be good quality studies involving substantial numbers of patients that broadly support this contention.

Also, there do not appear to be high-quality studies of extremely long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain, largely due to problems with followup over so many years. Yet, in 2010, there was a reported case series of 100 patients (ages 30-85 years, 61% male) who had been taking opioid medications for 10 to 35 years for a variety of noncancer pain conditions [see UPDATE here]. All had benefitted from this therapy and achieved better quality of life. Dosing in most patients remained stable during long periods of time and adverse effects were readily manageable medically. It must be conceded, however, that case series such as this are low-quality evidence, and further research is needed.

Challenges Ahead for FDA

It seems uncertain just how the FDA will proceed, but they no doubt face a daunting challenge ahead. As the trier of fact and adjudicating body the FDA must distinguish fact from hearsay opinion, separate science from pseudoscience, and distinguish poor-quality evidence from the good.

Clearly — based on the 2 days of hearings, the many submissions to the petition docket, and the abundance of other evidence — the problems surrounding opioid analgesics are serious, complex, and multifaceted. Action is needed, but there is great potential for doing harm rather than good.

The PROP petition has raised many important questions for consideration, along with some confusion and apprehension. In clarification of the petition’s intent, Kolodny suggested during the FDA hearing that the purpose is to prohibit drug companies from promoting long-term use of their opioid products for conditions where use has not been proven safe and effective. He stipulated that the petitioners are not claiming that long-term use of opioids for chronic pain or higher-dose opioids are always inappropriate, for all patients.

Furthermore, he affirmed that if the labeling changes are approved, practitioners still would be able to prescribe opioids “off-label” for any type of pain, at necessary doses, and for adequate periods of time. In fact, Kolodny suggested that “off-label” prescribing is often considered appropriate medical practice and even necessary in some cases, and that insurance carriers usually recognize this as such.

At the same time, others during the FDA hearing expressed concerns about the prudence of such practices. There were observations that off-label prescribing is discouraged in current medical education, and it would be a deterrent to conscientious practitioners who strive to rigorously adhere to rules as well as to those concerned about regulatory compliance and liability. And, off-label prescribing might be used by insurance carriers as justification for denying payment; an example of this already happening based merely on evidence in the unapproved petition was noted by one speaker.

Still, it seems that off-label opioid prescribing is the solution proposed by PROP for assuring adequate opioid availability for patients with chronic pain. Given that, an important question is: If the FDA were to approve the requested labeling changes in the PROP petition, would this also be a tacit and de facto endorsement by the FDA of off-label prescribing for meeting individual patient needs?

Rational, Balanced Solutions are Needed

A decision to accept or reject the PROP petition will leave one side or the other dissatisfied. However, the FDA may be in a position to propose balanced and rational compromise solutions that will address the important issues raised by the petition and help to assuage at least some of the current problems associated with opioid prescribing. For example,
It seems evident from the various presentations at the FDA hearing that more evidence-based understandings are needed regarding the concepts of opioid tolerance, hyperalgesia, withdrawal, dependence, addiction, drug interactions, and the pharmacogenomics of metabolism in different patients. Also, distinctions between cancer and noncancer pain, as well as moderate and severe pain need better clarification. The FDA could exert a leadership role in gathering the research and expert opinion necessary to further our understandings of those issues as they relate to safe and effective opioid prescribing for chronic pain.

Rather than changing labeling, the FDA does have the mechanism of “black box warnings,” which can be added to product information as necessary to highlight areas of particular concern, such as the need for prudent patient selection and monitoring, the necessity of periodic reevaluation for analgesic effectiveness and safety, and other concerns brought forward during the hearing and in comments to the docket. It seems that healthcare providers do attend to such warnings, even when they are less familiar with subtleties of product indications and many other details in the labeling.

Certainly, more and better prescriber education is needed, and the FDA mandated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) for extended-release and long-acting opioid analgesics, as well as for select other opioid products, were an important step in that direction. Education programs and other actions associated with the REMS are just beginning to go into effect, so their impact is still undetermined. If necessary, the FDA has reserved the right to strengthen those efforts and, as many in the pain field have requested all along, the REMS could be extended to all opioid analgesics whether long- or short-acting.

Patient and public education on opioid safety are clearly inadequate, and effective approaches for minimizing fatal overdose risks are being neglected. FDA REMS initiatives stress the importance of patient education as a component of due diligence, but this often appears to be a secondary objective. Meanwhile, assertive and effective community-based programs like Project Lazarus [discussed in UPDATE here] have not gained nationwide traction, our own dedicated educational website for patients and caregivers — Opioids911-Safety [here] — has been underutilized, and the widespread distribution of the overdose antidote, naloxone, has been considered by the FDA and other government agencies, but has been languishing for unknown reasons.

These are but several possibilities for constructive action; others could no doubt be added to the list. Rather than adamantly pursuing their label-changing agenda, it might be more practical and beneficial if the PROP group were to partner with the FDA and the rest of the pain community to (a) gather better research evidence and objectively evaluate it, (b) develop appropriate protocols for identifying patients who would or would not benefit from opioid therapy for chronic pain, and (c) strengthen existing educational efforts and develop new programs as necessary.

As one speaker suggested during the FDA hearing, heading off in the wrong direction at this time could result in millions of patients getting hurt. And, that is not what PROP members or anyone else wants to happen.

http://updates.pain-topics.org/2013/02/opioids-on-trial-part-2.html