PREGNANT WOMEN INVOLVE PARENT IN ABORTION WHEN ANTICIPATING SUPPORT

When an adolescent wants to terminate a pregnancy, how does she decide whether to talk to a parent? A recent study from the Section of Family Planning and Contraceptive Research at the University of Chicago found that pregnant teens will turn to parents and adults who are engaged in their lives and who will offer support, regardless of her pregnancy decision. Young women will avoid talking with parents who are less involved or may try to prevent them from seeking care

The study, published online ahead of print in theAmerican Journal of Public Health, explored the factors young women under age 18 consider when deciding to involve a parent. Researchers conducted interviews with 30 minors seeking abortion in Illinois, prior to implementation of the 2013 parental notification law. Currently, there are 38 states with laws requiring a parent to provide consent or receive notification before a minor can access abortion services.

"There's a commonly accepted idea that teens will try to hide their pregnancy or abortion decision. However, pregnant young women actually do turn to parents in the majority of cases," said Section policy researcher Lee Hasselbacher. "In our study, 70% of the young women involved a parent or guardian. They thought carefully about which parents and adults in their lives they could turn to for help in making their decision."

While each young woman's family circumstance was different, there were several common motivations for involving a parent. Factors favoring telling included close and supportive relationships, need for help with logistics like travel or payment, or experiences that made discovery of the pregnancy seem inevitable.

Minors expressed a range of motivations for not telling a parent about their abortion. Some teens worried that if their parent learned of their decision, it would dramatically change their relationship or feared it would even lead to anger or harm. Young women also discussed the lack of a relationship or presence as a reason they did not want to involve a parent.

One of the strongest findings was that among those young women who did not involve either parent, most were concerned that one or both parents would directly interfere with their decision to get an abortion.

"Policymakers should not force communication at the time of pregnancy; instead they should focus on supporting family communication long before a pregnancy or abortion decision," said Dr. Melissa Gilliam, Section Chief of the Section of Family Planning and Contraceptive Research at the University of Chicago and senior author on the study. "This study reveals teenagers will seek adult help."

HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES FOR RECURRENT HABITUAL THREATENED ABORTION

Abortion or Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week. About 10 to 20 percent of known pregnancies end in miscarriage. But the actual number is likely higher because many miscarriages occur so early in pregnancy that a woman doesn't realize she's pregnant.

Miscarriage is a somewhat loaded term — possibly suggesting that something was amiss in the carrying of the pregnancy. This is rarely true. Most miscarriages occur because the fetus isn't developing normally.

Miscarriage is a relatively common experience — but that doesn't make it any easier. Take a step toward emotional healing by understanding what can cause a mis carriage, what increases the risk and what medical care might be needed.

 Causes

Abnormal genes or chromosomes

Most miscarriages occur because the fetus isn't developing normally. About 50 percent of miscarriages are associated with extra or missing chromosomes. Most often, chromosome problems result from errors that occur by chance as the embryo divides and grows — not problems inherited from the parents.

Chromosomal abnormalities might lead to:

Blighted ovum. Blighted ovum occurs when no embryo forms.

Intrauterine fetal demise. In this situation, an embryo forms but stops developing and dies before any symptoms of pregnancy loss occur.

Molar pregnancy and partial molar pregnancy. With a molar pregnancy, both sets of chromosomes come from the father. A molar pregnancy is associated with abnormal growth of the placenta; there is usually no fetal development.

A partial molar pregnancy occurs when the mother's chromosomes remain, but the father provides two sets of chromosomes. A partial molar pregnancy is usually associated with abnormalities of the placenta, and an abnormal fetus.

Molar and partial molar pregnancies are not viable pregnancies. Molar and partial molar pregnancies can sometimes be associated with cancerous changes of the placenta.

Maternal health conditions

In a few cases, a mother's health condition might lead to miscarriage. Examples include:

·         Uncontrolled diabetes

·         Infections

·         Hormonal problems

·         Uterus or cervix problems

·         Thyroid disease

Risk factors

Various factors increase the risk of miscarriage, including:

Age. Women older than age 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage than do younger women. At age 35, you have about a 20 percent risk. At age 40, the risk is about 40 percent. And at age 45, it's about 80 percent.

Previous miscarriages. Women who have had two or more consecutive miscarriages are at higher risk of miscarriage.

Chronic conditions. Women who have a chronic condition, such as uncontrolled diabetes, have a higher risk of miscarriage.

Uterine or cervical problems. Certain uterine abnormalities or weak cervical tissues (incompetent cervix) might increase the risk of miscarriage.

Smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Women who smoke during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriage than do nonsmokers. Heavy alcohol use and illicit drug use also increase the risk of miscarriage.

Weight. Being underweight or being overweight has been linked with an increased risk of miscarriage

Invasive prenatal tests. Some invasive prenatal genetic tests, such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, carry a slight risk of miscarriage.

Complications

Some women who miscarry develop a uterine infection, also called a septic miscarriage. Signs and symptoms of this infection include:

·         Fever

·         Chills

·         Lower abdominal tenderness

·         Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES

ARNICA  MONTANA  30-Arnica Montana is one of the well indicated Homeopathic medicines for treating threatened abortion from trauma, falls or injuries.

CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES 3x-- Caulophyllum Thalictroides is an effective remedy for  tendency towards habitual abortion from uterine weakness and uterine atony. History of leucorrhea of acrid nature may also be present.

CROCUS SATIVA 30- Crocus Sativus is another effective remedy for   threatened abortion during the first month of pregnancy.Abortion with dark and stringy blood.

ERIGERON 30-Erigeron is considered when there is threatened abortion from exertion.Pregnant women with weak uterus a bloody discharge on slight exertion.

HELONIAS Q-- Helonias Dioica is another effective remedy for  habitual abortion where the uterus is weak, with a feeling of weight and soreness in the womb. During abortion, bleeding of dark, foul blood is present. Dragging in the pelvis may be observed. Other symptoms  include exhaustion, profound sadness and irritability.

VIBURNUM OPULUS Q-Viburnum Opulus is one of the top  Homeopathic medicines for tendency towards recurrent/habitual abortion in the early months, i.e. between the first three months. Cramping pain in the uterus, which extends down the thighs, is observed. Women who need Viburnum Opulus may also have a history of late and scanty menses. The menses last for a few hours only. Offensiveness in menses is noted. History of leucorrhea of thick, white nature, often blood streaked, may also be present.

SABINA OFFICINALIS 30-Sabina Offcinalis is an excellent   Homeopathic medicine for tendency towards recurrent/habitual abortion occurring in the third month. Miscarriage is accompanied by bright blood mixed with clots. Along with this, pain from sacrum to pubis during bleeding is present. Sabina Offcinalis  is an effective remedy for  threatened abortion with marked pain from sacrum to pubes.

SECALE CORNUTUM 30-  Secale Cornutum is prescribed when women have a history of recurrent miscarriage with dark or blackish bleeding. There may also be history of brownish, offensive leucorrhea. Women prescribed Secale Cornutum have thin, cachetic and feeble constitution.

APIS MELLIFICA 30-Apis Mellifica is the  best  Homeopathic medicine for tendency towards recurrent/habitual abortion in the fourth month. Bleeding during abortion in the fourth month, with soreness and tenderness in the womb, is a sign of  Apis Mellifica . This medicine is also useful where there is a history of ovarian cyst with stinging pains. Case history will reveal short and scanty periods. Acrid, green leucorrhea at some point in the past may also be observed.

KALI CARB 30-Kali Carb is the effective Homeopathic medicine for tendency towards recurrent/habitual abortion at 5 months. The symptoms included  by women during such abortions include bleeding with back pain radiating down the hips and thighs. Kali Carb will also show great results in treating weakness arising from the miscarriage.

SEPIA SUCCUS 200-Sepia Succus is an effective Homeopathic medicine for treating the tendency towards repeated abortion occurring at 6 or 7 months. Abortion in the sixth or seventh month with bearing down pain in the uterus is a prominent symptom that decides on Sepia Succus as the best medicine. In a few cases, griping or burning pain in the uterus may be observed.Women have history of  irregular menses, yellow/green leucorrhea and uterine fibroids.

FERRUM METALLICUM 30-Ferrum Met is  a very useful  medicine for tendency towards recurrent/habitual abortion occurring at the end of the eighth month. Women who need Ferrum Met will have a history of previous abortions with pale blood and shooting or labour-like pain in the uterus. Profound weakness and anaemia may also be observed among women who need Ferrum Metallicum.Ferrum Met is useful where women have had many miscarriages with pale and watery bleeding. This is attended with labour-like pains in abdomen and small of the back.

TRILLIUM PENDULUM 3X--Trillium Pendulum is the most effective  Homeopathic medicine for tendency towards recurrent/habitual abortion in anaemic women who have had early miscarriages with gushing bright blood. The bleeding worsens with the slightest movement. The bleeding is attended with pain in the hips and back.

THYROIDINUM 30-Thyroidinum helps to avoid miscarriage and tendency to premature labor when the cause is not a mechanical origin. It controls slow oozing from the uterus.Thyroidinum also prevents abortion when there is thyroid dysfunction.